{"id":42126,"date":"2017-08-30T09:16:29","date_gmt":"2017-08-30T14:16:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/?p=42126"},"modified":"2019-09-13T14:34:09","modified_gmt":"2019-09-13T19:34:09","slug":"safe-mode-single-user-mode-what-they-are-how-to-use-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/42126-safe-mode-single-user-mode-what-they-are-how-to-use-them\/","title":{"rendered":"Safe Mode & Single-User Mode: What They Are, How to Use Them"},"content":{"rendered":"

Safe mode and single-user mode are two of the special start-up modes that your Mac can be powered up to. They’re often used to troubleshoot issues a Mac may be experiencing<\/a> or to assist in isolating and repairing some common issues that can keep a Mac from starting up correctly, or that make it act strangely when it’s in use.<\/p>\n

The two modes are distinctly different, with safe mode being a more automated approach to fixing Mac issues, and single-user mode being more akin to the Mac’s Terminal app, giving those familiar with UNIX the ability to manually run various troubleshooting utilities and commands.<\/p>\n

In this Rocket Yard Guide, we’re going to show you how to use each mode to help troubleshoot Mac problems<\/a> you may be experiencing.<\/p>\n

\"Startup
(Starting up in Safe Mode can take a bit longer than normal as your Mac runs a number of system checks.)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Safe Mode<\/strong>
\nUp first is safe mode, one of the easiest ways to isolate and fix many Mac<\/a> problems. Safe mode allows you to troubleshoot problems you may be having in starting up your Mac, working with specific apps, or system-wide issues.<\/p>\n

When you invoke safe mode, your Mac will restart and perform various troubleshooting checks on your Mac’s system, hardware, and startup drive. It will also disable some system components, and if it successfully completes the checks, it will finish by bringing you to the standard desktop, though with certain functions disabled.<\/p>\n

What Does Safe Mode Do?<\/strong>
\nSafe mode uses a process similar to Disk Utility’s First Aid to verify and repair your startup drive. Unlike Disk Utility, which can’t repair the startup drive directly, Safe Mode can perform both a verify and a repair of the startup drive’s directory structure.<\/p>\n

Safe mode only allows the most basic system kernel extensions to be loaded. This will prevent third-party kernel extensions from affecting the startup process, and from being available to use once safe mode drops you into the desktop.<\/p>\n

Safe mode allows only system fonts that are provided with the operating system to load; all other fonts are disabled.<\/p>\n

It deletes all font caches, kernel caches, and system caches.<\/p>\n

It disables all startup and login items from being loaded by the system.<\/p>\n

\"One
(One of the clues that you’ve started in Safe Mode is the phrase “Safe Boot” in the top right corner when at the login prompt.)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

How to Start Up in Safe Mode<\/strong>
\nStart up your Mac while holding down the shift key. Keep the shift key depressed until you see the login window or the desktop.<\/p>\n

If you’re using a Bluetooth wireless keyboard, don’t press the shift key until you hear the startup chime. If the shift key is depressed before the chime occurs, the system will ignore the shift key signal and continue to boot normally.<\/p>\n

How to Determine If You’re in Safe Mode<\/strong>
\nBecause safe mode drops you to the login screen or the desktop, it can sometimes be difficult to tell if you’re actually in safe mode.<\/p>\n

When the login screen is shown, the upper right-hand corner will display the words Safe Boot. If you didn\u2019t notice the Safe Boot phrase when you logged in, you can check the boot status at the desktop by selecting About This Mac from the Apple menu, and then click the System Report button. In the window that opens, select the Software category in the left-hand sidebar. In the central area, you should see Boot mode: Safe.<\/p>\n

Note<\/i><\/strong>: If you’re unable to use your Bluetooth keyboard to successfully boot up in safe mode, you can try either using a USB keyboard, or setting the PRAM\/NVRAM variables manually. You can do this by following the “Using Terminal to Set Boot Args” instructions further down this page.<\/p>\n

My Mac Works in Safe Mode; What Does That Mean?<\/strong>
\nThe answer is, you don’t know yet, but you’ve narrowed the possibilities down to a few items:<\/p>\n

Safe mode tested and repaired (if applicable) the startup drive. The issue could have been a drive in poor health. You may want to make sure you have a backup strategy in place<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Safe mode also disabled all your startup and login items. If, when you restart your Mac using the normal boot process, the problem returns, it could be a corrupt, out-of-date, or conflicting login or startup item.<\/p>\n

Third-party fonts were also disabled, so if you restart your Mac normally and the problem returns, you may want to use the Font Book app, located in \/Applications, to check for corrupt fonts. You can do this by selecting all fonts in Font Book, then choosing Validate Fonts from the Font Book File menu. Font issues are usually limited to specific apps, so when you return to the normal boot up process, be sure to try the app that was giving you problems.<\/p>\n

System, kernel, and font caches were deleted. Any one of these cache files could have been corrupt, or contained out-of-date information that could have caused the issue you were having.<\/p>\n

\"Another
(Another way to tell you’re in Safe Mode is to check the system report, which displays the boot mode in use.)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

My Mac Restarts Automatically in Safe Mode<\/strong>
\nIf your Mac restarted on its own, usually before you ever saw the login window or the desktop, then the likely cause was safe mode repairing your startup drive’s directory structure. In order to complete the repair, your Mac is automatically restarted.<\/p>\n

You may want to restart your Mac once again in safe mode to ensure no further drive repairs need to be performed.<\/p>\n

Exiting Safe Mode<\/strong>
\nTo exit safe mode, simply restart your Mac without holding down any keyboard shortcuts. If you used Terminal to set boot args, see the Terminal section, below, for instructions on how to reset the boot args.<\/p>\n

Single-User Mode<\/strong>
\nSingle-user mode is a minimal UNIX environment with no graphical shell, only the bare minimum of system daemons running, and a basic console to support a command line. The startup disk isn\u2019t even mounted yet for write access.<\/p>\n

The name single-user is a reference to the normal UNIX multi-user environment, and the need to occasionally force a multi-user system into single-user mode to perform maintenance tasks that require exclusive access to normally shared resources.<\/p>\n

Even in this minimalist environment, there are quite a few UNIX commands available that allow you to perform basic repairs to the startup drive, mount the storage drives, read and write files, and start various system daemons.<\/p>\n

Once the single-user console is available, you can enter many common UNIX commands. Single-user mode can be used for many different functions, including repairing a drive or ejecting stuck media in a drive<\/a>. We’re going to demonstrate single-user mode by repairing the startup drive.<\/p>\n

How to Start Up in Single-User Mode<\/strong>
\nStart or restart your Mac while holding down the Command and S keys on your keyboard. Continue to hold down the two keys until you see white text on the display. This is a UNIX console, which looks similar to the Terminal application’s shell.<\/p>\n

You can repair a drive by using the fsck command. Fsck stands for File System Check (the name is sometimes referred to as F<\/strong><\/span>ile S<\/strong><\/span>ystem C<\/span><\/strong>onsistency ChecK<\/strong><\/span>); it can be used with various optional parameters.<\/p>\n

\"Single-user
(Single-user mode provides a Terminal-like interface where UNIX commands can be entered, including fsck -fy to verify and repair the startup disk, and exit to complete the boot process and return to the desktop.)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Note<\/i><\/strong>: You should only use fsck as a last resort to gain access to a drive having problems. You’re better off using Disk Utility First Aid, or Safe Mode, before resorting to fsck.<\/p>\n

Enter the following at the console prompt (usually localhost:\/ root#):<\/p>\n

\/sbin\/fsck -fy<\/p>\n

Press return or enter.<\/p>\n

Fsck will run through various phases of checking the startup drive. If it encounters a problem, you’ll see the following text:<\/p>\n

***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****<\/p>\n

This means fsck found and repaired one or more problems. Because there can be additional issues after a repair is made, you should rerun fsck until you see the message:<\/p>\n

**The volume [name] appears to be OK<\/p>\n

Once you see the above message, you can finish booting your Mac normally by entering the following at the prompt:<\/p>\n

exit<\/p>\n

Press enter or return.<\/p>\n

Using Terminal to Set Boot Args<\/strong>
\nIf you’re having problems using a wireless keyboard to enter either safe mode or single-user mode, you can use Terminal<\/a> to manually set the boot args that are used to instruct your Mac about which method to use when starting up.<\/p>\n

\"Terminal
(Terminal can be used to set the type of startup you wish to use. Shown here are booting to safe mode (-x), booting to single-user (-s), and resetting the boot-args to default.)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Launch Terminal, located at \/Applications\/Utilities.<\/p>\n

Enter the following at the Terminal prompt to start up in safe mode:<\/p>\n

sudo nvram boot-args=”-x”<\/p>\n

Enter the following at the Terminal prompt to startup in single-user mode:<\/p>\n

sudo nvram boot-args=”-s”<\/p>\n

Press return or enter. You’ll be asked for an administrator password. Enter the password, and press return or enter.<\/p>\n

You can quit Terminal, and then restart your Mac. No need to hold down any key; with the changes you made above, your Mac will always start up in the mode you set.<\/p>\n

To reset your Mac back to starting up normally, launch Terminal and enter the following at the command prompt:<\/p>\n

sudo nvram -d boot-args<\/p>\n

Press enter or return.<\/p>\n

Supply your administrator password, then press enter or return.<\/p>\n

You can quit Terminal, and then restart your Mac. It should now start up normally.<\/p>\n

Get more tips on macOS Mojave<\/a>, High Sierra<\/a> and earlier at the Rocket Yard!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Safe mode and single-user mode are two of the special start-up modes that your Mac can be powered up to. They’re often used to troubleshoot issues a Mac may be experiencing or to assist in isolating and repairing some common issues that can keep a Mac from starting up correctly, or that make it act […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":97,"featured_media":41915,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"spay_email":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"class_list":["post-42126","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tech-tips"],"yoast_head":"\nSafe Mode & Single-User Mode: What They Are, How to Use Them<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Safe mode and single-user mode are two of the special start-up modes that your Mac that can be used to troubleshoot issues a Mac may be experiencing.\" \/>\n<meta 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His online experience includes working as a sysop, forum leader, writer, and software library manager.","sameAs":["http:\/\/rocketyard.com"],"url":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/author\/tom-n\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/BootStatus1280.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pmPaT-aXs","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42126","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/97"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42126"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42126\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52981,"href":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42126\/revisions\/52981"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41915"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42126"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eshop.macsales.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42126"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}